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In March, Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy was testifying before the House Appropriations Subcommittee when he received a question on prison overcrowding. He responded with a sweeping condemnation of the American prison system. 鈥淭otal incarceration,鈥� he stated, 鈥渏ust isn鈥檛 working.鈥� He reserved his harshest words for the practice of solitary confinement: 鈥淪olitary confinement literally drives men mad.鈥�
Justice Kennedy鈥檚 words were powerful but also left an open question. He called the prison system 鈥渙verlooked鈥� and 鈥渕isunderstood,鈥� lamenting that, 鈥淲e have no interest in corrections.鈥� But he is no outside academic, critiquing the inattentiveness of others. He is a member of a court both able and required to ensure that conditions inside prisons comport with the Constitution. Indeed, he is often the court鈥檚 swing justice, casting the deciding vote on what the Constitution requires. His influence in determining constitutional questions has led law professor Noah Feldman to , 鈥淚t鈥檚 Justice Anthony Kennedy鈥檚 country 鈥� the rest of us just live in it.鈥� If solitary confinement were indeed a primary concern for the justice, when would it make its way to the pages of the Supreme Court鈥檚 opinions?
Last Thursday, it arrived. In Davis v. Ayala, the United States Supreme Court an unrelated question on the exclusion of a defense attorney from part of a hearing on jury selection. The defendant, however, had spent much of the past 20 years in solitary confinement, and Justice Kennedy wrote a separate concurrence to address the practice.
Justice Kennedy opened with the long cultural history of the horrors of solitary confinement, citing an 18th century report on prison conditions and a 19th century novel that detail the damage solitary confinement has wrought. He continued to 1890, when a United States Supreme Court case described how even short stints in solitary left people 鈥渧iolently insane.鈥� He connected these trends to the present, citing to the story of Kalief Browder, a child who spent years in solitary confinement while being held, though never tried, for allegedly stealing a backpack. Earlier this month, Browder his own life.
While this long-standing knowledge of the dangerousness of solitary confinement was 鈥淸t]oo often鈥� and 鈥淸t]oo easily ignored,鈥� Kennedy wrote, a 鈥渘ew and growing awareness鈥� on solitary confinement is emerging. Most significantly, he closed by appearing to invite a case to address these concerns directly: 鈥淚n a case that presented the issue, the judiciary may be required, within its proper jurisdiction and authority, to determine whether workable alternative systems for long-term confinement exist, and, if so, whether a correctional system should be required to adopt them.鈥�
When a Supreme Court justice talks, the world listens. The New York Times an editorial to the concurrence, writing that Justice Kennedy 鈥渞aises a constitutional question even if some of his colleagues would rather avoid it.鈥� The Los Angeles Times of the 鈥渞are instance of a Supreme Court justice virtually inviting a constitutional challenge to a prison policy.鈥�
Slate Justice Kennedy for his lack of self-awareness in accusing others of apathy: 鈥淜ennedy may have only just discovered the cruelty of solitary confinement, but civil-liberties-minded individuals and advocacy groups have fought against the practice for decades.鈥� As civil rights lawyers leading the 老澳门开奖结果鈥檚 Stop Solitary campaign, we know well that advocates have worked for years to confront the practice, but there is also no question that the justice鈥檚 concern reflects a new and growing national movement to end solitary confinement. That movement now has one of the nation鈥檚 leading moral and legal voices as its center.
From both a legal and cultural perspective, however, what may be most significant is not Justice Kennedy criticizing the practice or calling for a case on solitary confinement, but the kind of case that he may be seeking. The extant law on the issue often focuses on keeping vulnerable populations out of solitary. For example, courts have ruled that the 8th Amendment limits the placement of people with serious mental illness in solitary. Courts have similarly found that putting people with physical disabilities in solitary can violate federal law. The New York Department of Corrections and Community Supervision settled a lawsuit in 2014, agreeing to keep pregnant women out of extreme isolation. Legislative and executive solitary confinement reform often follows the same pattern, restricting the use of solitary confinement for a particularly vulnerable population, children.
While these reforms have been critically important, there is legal precedent to think about the question differently. In 2002, the Supreme Court in found an Alabama prison鈥檚 practice of handcuffing prisoners to a hitching post for violating prison rules to be unconstitutional. Instead of examining the punishment as just another condition of confinement, the court found the punishment to be 鈥渁ntithetical to human dignity鈥� and therefore a violation of the 8th Amendment.
This is the legacy Justice Kennedy appears to invoke in his concurrence, of solitary confinement as not just another potentially harmful prison practice but as a violation of human dignity. The concurrence begins not with the latest social science but instead by describing the centuries long cultural understanding and criticism of solitary confinement. Most significantly, the concurrence does not once single out a vulnerable or sympathetic subset of people held in solitary confinement. Instead, Justice Kennedy writes of 鈥淸t]he human toll wrought鈥� on all people; how solitary 鈥渆xacts a terrible price鈥� on all people; and how solitary can bring all people 鈥渢o the edge of madness, perhaps to madness itself.鈥�
The most significant aspect of the concurrence therefore may not be in its explanation of the harms of solitary confinement or even in the suggestion of its unconstitutionality. Instead, the radical premise may be the suggestion that prolonged solitary confinement is unconstitutional, not only when applied to people who are particularly vulnerable or sympathetic, but to everyone.
