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Earlier this week I attended the exposition at the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) conference in Philadelphia, where over 600 vendors displayed their wares for the thousands of potential law enforcement buyers in attendance. Walking around the floor looking at the technology being sold to law enforcement and talking to vendors and others, I got a whirlwind tour of the state of law enforcement technology at this moment in our technological revolution.

Many of the exhibitors offered the kinds of nuts-and-bolts equipment that you would expect to have seen at a police convention set in 1965: batons, badges, boots, handcuffs, etc. But there was also an enormous number of companies pushing products that a police chief could never have imagined in 1965.

To start with, there were a surprising number of entrants in the body camera market. Axon/Taser had a giant tent in the middle of the floor with a little theater, a hub of excitement where people stood in line to view a more or less substance-free video and 鈥渉ologram鈥� about policing with Axon bodycams. One retired police official not involved in the industry said to me ruefully that Axon, with its 70 percent share of the bodycam market, was becoming too powerful 鈥� 鈥渢he Google of the industry鈥� as he put it. Many of its competitors seemed to be seeking to break through with 鈥渁dvanced鈥� functionality such as live GPS tracking of officers, 360掳 cameras (for mounting on top of a helmet, or even on the back of a police dog), the inclusion of outward-facing screens to remind subjects that the police are recording them, and the ability for police management at HQ to remotely activate a camera and monitor live streaming video from officers鈥� cameras. One vendor, Utility, was selling a bodycam that and automatically triggers the camera upon hearing one. (The privacy implications of audio gunshot detectors is something I wrote about here.)

From a civil liberties point of view I don鈥檛 love some of these 鈥渋nnovations鈥� in body camera technology. We do not support, for example, the live streaming of bodycam video; the purpose of body cameras is to serve as an independent record when something dramatic goes down. It is not to feed video to centralized surveillance centers.

Speaking of panoptic surveillance centers, there were numerous vendors selling 鈥渋nformation solutions,鈥� 鈥渁nalytics,鈥� and 鈥渋ntelligence鈥� software packages. The predictive policing company PredPol was there, but it seemed like a lot of big established electronics companies were all trying to get in the game (as they also were with body cameras). Exhibitors included prominent electronics manufacturers such as Motorola, Samsung, Panasonic, Microsoft, and NEC. This display from Motorola sums up the spirit of the event:

Hitachi, for example, was touting a 鈥溾�� that promises 鈥渇ull situational awareness鈥� and 鈥淚ntegration of disparate systems and sensors [that] provides connected intelligence.鈥� The demo I was shown included the ability to integrate and display geospacial data, camera feeds, crime data, evidence management systems, gunshot detection, ALPR data, risk-assessment heat maps, and more, including social media information (though the salesman did bitterly complain that 鈥淔acebook their information to law enforcement any more鈥�).

A similar 鈥淪mart Cities鈥� product was offered by a company, Ekin, which was selling a 鈥淪afe City Operating System鈥� that promises in company handouts to 鈥渁rchive and analyze鈥� all city safety systems data 鈥� everything from red light and speed cameras to surveillance video, ALPR, face recognition, and more. That, the company claims, allows for 鈥淪earching based on gender, age, and groups around the city鈥� (鈥済roups鈥�? Gee I wonder what that means...) as well as 鈥淪earching for a specified person through all the cameras in the city,鈥� and even "Detection of whether a person has ever been in a specific area.鈥� It鈥檚 not clear how real such claims are yet but the power that they鈥檙e claiming to offer would be more than any free people should give to any government made of .

Hitachi was also selling video analytics software the company claimed 鈥渕otion duration and dwelling times for statistical purposes鈥� and featured a 鈥渜ueue detector鈥� (sounding an alarm when lines build), people and traffic counters, and parking, traffic, object, and intrusion detectors, as well as face recognition and ALPR. For what it鈥檚 worth, it also offered a privacy functionality option 鈥渢hat pixelates humans and vehicles.鈥�

Some of the other things I saw:

• A company called was urging law enforcement to buy its 鈥淚ntelligent Audio Analytic System鈥� 鈥� microphones that the company suggested could be installed in city centers, streets, municipal buildings, parks, and tourist areas. The audio picked up by their microphones would then be analyzed for automatic AI detection of certain noises such as gunshots, breaking glass, and car alarms. The company also claims to have an 鈥�,鈥� that 鈥渁utomatically and objectively detects (rising) human aggression, anger or fear, [and] warns staff immediately so that physical aggression can be prevented.鈥� As I have written, mass audio recording in our public spaces raises serious constitutional issues and poses a serious threat to our privacy.
• There were a number of facial recognition companies, touting such capabilities as 鈥渞eal-time video screening and anonymous people analytics,鈥� 鈥渋nstantaneous threat alerts,鈥� geo-fencing, the ability to 鈥渋nstantly enroll mugshots from the field,鈥� and 鈥淰IP recognition.鈥� I also saw a number of vendors selling other biometric technologies including fingerprint and iris recognition devices.
• The data aggregator Thomspson-Reuters program called (no relation to the airport program) 鈥渓inks people and businesses to relevant addresses, business names, associates, driver鈥檚 license numbers, phone numbers,鈥� and other information. Days before the conference, CLEAR that it was integrating with , another law enforcement database that calls itself 鈥渁 search engine and information network鈥� for law enforcement to 鈥渟hare, search and analyze information across agencies, geographies and IT systems.鈥� Thompson-Reuters staff at the expo boasted that CLEAR is data from Vigilant Solutions, the company that takes it upon itself to build a database of Americans鈥� whereabouts via automated license plate recognition (ALPR). Thompson-Reuters says that through CLEAR, officers can now 鈥渟ee the travel and location trends of a specific plate/vehicle,鈥� and 鈥渋dentify potential associations of vehicles in the same area at the same time.鈥� The privacy that Americans have long received from the decentralization of information is eroding at an accelerating pace.
• I saw a number of license plate-recognition vendors. One company, Ekin, was selling a , speed detection, and 360掳 video recording, raising the prospect that such surveillance technologies may before long become a standard 鈥� and invisible 鈥� parts of every police car.
• The militarization of police was in full evidence. I saw at least one tank-like vehicle, many guns suitable for battlefields, and a lot of camouflage gear. I snapped a photo of one display that looks more like commandos on an overseas battlefield than Americans paid by their community to protect other Americans:

• On a less ominous note, I had a nice chat with a salesperson for a company selling police bicycles. As a cyclist myself I was curious how 鈥減olice鈥� bicycles differed from other bikes on the market (the answer: not much). Interestingly, there was also a company selling training to officers on in crowd control, major events, and other policing functions. There are a lot of officers on bikes near my office in downtown Washington; as dense American city centers continue to revive, that is a trend we鈥檙e likely to see continue.

There were many other notable things at the convention: a speed camera manufacturer bragging about how its product can easily be moved for the purpose of 鈥渁voiding social app detection鈥� (read: Waze). Harris Corporation, maker of the infamous Stingray cellphone tracking device, was also there, though no mention of that product was evident (they seemed to be selling police radios). There were also of course a few drone manufacturers, though not as many as I expected. Drones continue to creep into use as a real but not-yet-widespread or standard part of policing.

In the end, of course, much what I was seeing at the IACP was the sales side of police technology: this expo reflected what American companies think and hope police will buy, not necessarily what they actually are buying. There were no doubt many vendors who aren't having much success, and no doubt many police officials who are just as skeptical as I am about the utility, wisdom, and/or practicality of some of these products. But just as certainly, there will continue to be many police departments that are acquiring technology that has significant surveillance implications, often without telling, let alone asking, their communities. The event was an amazing exhibition of the churning technological invention that marks our era 鈥� and of our need to be vigilant in making sure that our government is constrained by more than just what is technologically possible.